This course introduces students to key concepts and theories in population studies and their relationship to social structures and contemporary social issues. It is organised into three main parts. The first will build a foundation by exploring core demographic concepts and theoretical frameworks to understand population change over time and across regions. The second part will focus on key population processes, such as mortality, fertility, migration, and family formulation, and their connections to broader social structures. The final part will address critical population issues, such as low fertility, population ageing, and youth unemployment, and examine how these issues shape public health and well-being, quality education, and inequalities within and between societies. Particular attention is given to how demographic changes in Hong Kong contribute to contemporary social challenges and the future of Hong Kong.