This course introduces students to the key concepts and theories in population studies and their relationship to social structures and contemporary social issues. It is organised into three main parts. The first will build a foundation by exploring core demographic concepts and theoretical frameworks to understand population change over time and across regions. The second part will focus on key population processes, such as mortality, fertility, migration, and family formulation, and examine how these are connected to broader social structures. The final part will address critical population issues, including population aging, youth and education, and the role of demographic dynamics in shaping inequality within and between societies, including demographic changes and future of Hong Kong within the Asia context.