This course aims to lay a foundation for RPE students in the third-focus of this degree, viz., ethics, with particular attention to the developments since World War I. Students will gain a basic knowledge of the major religious thinkers of the West such as Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Moses Maimonides, Avicenna, Averroes, Martin Luther, John Calvin, John Wesley, Reinhold Niebuhr, H. Richard Niebuhr, Karl Barth, Emil Brunner, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Karl Rahner, Helmut Thielicke, Jurgen Moltmann, and Paul Ramsey.  In the process, some perennial topics will be discussed as well, such as the use of Bible in Christian ethics, love and justice, personal sanctification and social resistance, the principle of double effect, natural law theory and divine command theory, church and state. Philosophical critiques of Christian morality (e.g. Nietzsche, Bertrand Russell) will also be discussed.