On completion of this course, students are expected to be able to demonstrate (1) knowledge of physiological systems related to acupuncture and moxibustion therapies, especially the process of pain sensation, somatoautonomic reflexes, and neuro-endocrine regulation of physiological functions; (2) the ability to explain the therapeutic effects of acupuncture and moxibustion in terms of their influence on the human physiological systems; and (3) knowledge of current research concerning the mechanisms of acupuncture and moxibustion.